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9.

2009

27.

The <command>pwd</command> command displays the directory where the user is currently located (<acronym>pwd</acronym> stands for <quote>print working directory</quote>). For example, typing <screen>pwd</screen> while in the <filename class="directory">Desktop</filename> will show <computeroutput>/home/[username]/Desktop</computeroutput>. <placeholder-1/>

29.

The <command>cd</command> command changes directories (<acronym>cd</acronym> stands for <quote>change directory</quote>). When a terminal window is opened, it will be located in the user's home directory. Moving around the file system requires the use of <command>cd</command>.

38.

The <command>ls</command> command outputs a list of the files in the current directory (<acronym>ls</acronym> is short for <quote>list</quote>). For example, typing <screen>ls ~</screen> will display the files that are in the current user's home directory.

44.

The <command>mkdir</command> command is used to create a new directory (<acronym>mkdir</acronym> stands for <quote>make directory</quote>). To create a new directory named <filename class="directory">foobar</filename>, type: <screen>mkdir foobar</screen>

46.

The <command>cp</command> command makes a copy of a file or directory (<acronym>cp</acronym> is short for <quote>copy</quote>). To make an exact copy of <filename>foo</filename> and name it <filename>bar</filename>, type: <screen>cp foo bar</screen> To make an exact copy of the <filename class="directory">foo_dir</filename> directory and name it <filename class="directory">bar_dir</filename>, type: <screen>cp -r foo_dir bar_dir</screen>

48.

The <command>mv</command> command moves a file or directory to a different location or will rename a file or directory (<acronym>mv</acronym> is short for <quote>move</quote>). To rename the file <filename>foo</filename> to <filename>bar</filename>, type: <screen>mv foo bar</screen> To move the file <filename>foo</filename> into the current user's <filename class="directory">Desktop</filename> directory, type: <screen>mv foo ~/Desktop</screen> This will not rename <filename>foo</filename> to <filename>Desktop</filename> because <filename>foo</filename> is a file and <filename class="directory">Desktop</filename> is a directory.

50.

The <command>rm</command> command is used to delete files and directories (<acronym>rm</acronym> is short for <quote>remove</quote>). To delete the file <filename>foo</filename> for the current directory, type: <screen>rm foo</screen>

54.

The <command>df</command> command displays filesystem disk space usage for all partitions (<acronym>df</acronym> stands for <quote>disk free</quote>). <screen>df -h</screen> will give information using megabytes (<abbrev>M</abbrev>) and gigabytes (<abbrev>G</abbrev>) instead of blocks (<command>-h</command> means <quote>human readable</quote>).

60.

The <command>uname</command> command with the <command>-a</command> options displays all system information, including machine name, kernel name &amp; version, and other details. This command is useful for checking which kernel is in use (<abbrev>uname</abbrev> is short for <quote>unix name</quote>).