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32.

cd - change directory

33.

The <command>cd</command> command changes directories. (<acronym>cd</acronym> stands for <quote>change directory</quote>). When a terminal window is opened, it will be in the user's home directory. Moving around the file system requires the use of the <command>cd</command> command.

34.

To navigate into the root directory, type: <screen>cd /</screen>

35.

To navigate to the current user's home directory, type: <screen>cd</screen> or <screen>cd ~</screen>

36.

The <command>~</command> character represents the current user's home directory. As shown above, <command>cd ~</command> is equivalent to <command>cd /home/username/</command>. However, when running a command as root (using <command>sudo</command>, for example), <command>~</command> points to <filename class="directory">/root</filename>. When running a <command>cd</command> command with <command>sudo</command>, the full path to the home directory must be given.

37.

To navigate up one directory level, type: <screen>cd ..</screen>

38.

To navigate up two directory levels, type: <screen>cd ../../</screen>

39.

To navigate to the previous directory (go back), type: <screen>cd -</screen>

40.

To navigate through multiple levels of directories at once, specify the full directory path. For example, type: <screen>cd /var/log</screen> to go directly to the <filename class="directory">/log</filename> subdirectory of <filename class="directory">/var/</filename>. For another example, typing: <screen>cd ~/Desktop</screen> moves to the <filename class="directory">Desktop</filename> subdirectory inside the current user's home directory.

41.

ls - list files